Below is a selected list of Charles Brainerd's publications. To access an article, click on the title, and you will be directed to the electronic journal where it is published (individual or institutional subscription required). If you encounter any difficulties accessing an article that you need for research purposes, please contact Professor Brainerd's Administrative Assistant. For a complete list of publications, please see Charles Brainerd's Curriculum Vitae. 

• News Articles

• Refereed Journal Articles

• Books

• Book Chapters

News Articles:

• NA

Refereed Journal Articles:

• Brainerd, C. J., Nakamura, K., Chang, M., & Bialer, D. M. (2019). Super-overdistribution. Journal of Memory and Language. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2019.104027
• Brainerd, C. J., Nakamura, K., Chang, M., & Bialer, D. M. (2019). Verbatim editing: A general model of recollection rejection. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 45(10), 1776-1790. doi:10.1037/xlm0000684
• Brainerd, C. J., Nakamura, K., & Lee, W.-F. A. (2019). Recollection is fast and slow. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 45(2), 302–319. doi: 10.1037/xlm0000588
•  Brainerd, C. J., & Bookbinder, S. H. (2019). The semantics of emotion in false memory. Emotion, 19(1), 146-159. doi:10.1037/emo0000431
• Brainerd, C. J. (2018). The Emotional-Ambiguity Hypothesis: A Large-Scale Test. Psychological science, 29(10), 1706-1715. doi: 10.1177/0956797618780353
• Brainerd, C. J., Reyna, V. F., & Holliday, R. E. (2018). Developmental reversals in false memory: Development is complementary, not compensatory. Developmental Psychology, 54, 1773–1784.  doi: 10.1037/dev0000554
•  Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2018). Complementarity in false memory illusions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 147(3), 305-327. doi: 10.1037/xge0000381
• Brainerd, C. J., Nakamura, K., Reyna, V. F., & Holliday, R. E. (2017). Overdistribution illusions: Categorical judgments produce them, confidence ratings reduce them. "Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 146"(1), 20-40. doi: 10.1037/xge0000242.
• Reyna, V. F., Corbin, J. C., Weldon, R. B., & Brainerd, C. J. (2016). How fuzzy-trace theory predicts true and false memories for words, sentences, and narratives. "Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 5"(1), 1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2015.12.003.

• Brainerd, C. J., Wang, Z., Reyna, V. F., & Nakamura, K. (2015). Episodic memory does not add up: Verbatim-gist superposition predicts violations of the additive law of probability. "Journal of Memory and Language, 84", 224-245. doi: 10.1015/j.jml.2015.06.006.

• Corbin, J. C., Reyna, V. F., Weldon, R. B., & Brainerd, C. J. (2015). How reasoning, judgment, and decision making are colored by gist-based intuition: A fuzzy-trace theory approach. "Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 4"(4), 344-355. doi: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2015.09.001.

• Brainerd, C. J., Holliday, R. E., Nakamura, K., & Reyna, V. F. (2014). Conjunction illusions and conjunction fallacies in episodic memory. "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40"(6), 1610-1623. doi: 10.1037/xlm0000017.

• Reyna, V. F., & Brainerd, C. B. (2014). Fuzzy universality of probability judgment. "Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111"(48), 16984-16985. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1420118111.

• Brainerd, C. J., Reyna, V. F., Gomes, C. F. A., Kenney, A. E., Gross, C. J., Taub, E. S., Spreng, R. N., & Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (2013). Dual-retrieval models and neurocognitive impairment. "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition". Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/a0034057.

• Brainerd, C. J., Reyna, V. F., Petersen, R. G., Smith, G. E., Kenney, A. E., Gross, C. J., Taub, E. S., Plassman, B. L., & Fisher, G. G. (2013). The apolipoprotein E genotype predicts longitudinal transitions to mild cognitive impairment but not to Alzheimer’s dementia: Findings from a nationally representative study. Neuropsychology, 27(1), 80-94.

• Brainerd, C. J., Wang, Z., & Reyna, V. F. (2013). Superposition of episodic memories: Overdistribution and quantum models. "Topics in Cognitive Science", 5773-799. doi: 10.1111/tops.12039.

• Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2012). Reliability of children's testimony in the era of developmental reversals. "Developmental Review, 32", 224-267. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2012.06.008.

• Brainerd, C. J., Aydin, C., Reyna, V. F. (2012). Development of dual-retrieval processes in recall: Learning, forgetting, and reminiscence.. "Journal of Memory and Language, 66"(4), 763-788. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2011.12.002.

• Brainerd, C. J., Reyna, V. F., Holliday, R. E., & Nakamura, K. (2012). Overdistribution in source memory. "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 38"(2), 413-439. doi:10.1037/a0025645.

• Brainerd, C.J., Reyna, V.F., & Zember, E. (2011). Theoretical and forensic implications of developmental studies of the DRM illusion. "Memory & Cognition, 39", 365-380. doi:10.3758/s13421-010-0043-2.

• Brainerd, C.J., Reyna, V.F., Petersen, R.C., Smith, G.E. & Taub, E.S. (2011). Is the Apolipoprotein E genotype a biomarker for mild cognitive impairment? Findings from a nationally representative study. "Neuropsychology, 25"(6), 679-689. doi:10.1037/a0024483.

• Holliday, R.E., Brainerd, C.J., & Reyna, V.F. (2011). Developmental reversals in false memory: Now you see them, now you don't!. "Developmental Psychology, 47"(2), 442-449. doi:10.1037/a0021058 .

• Reyna, V.F., Brainerd, C.J. (2011). Dual processes in decision making and developmental neuroscience: A fuzzy-trace model. "Developmental Review, 31", 180-206. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2011.07.004 .

• Brainerd, C. J. & Reyna, V.F. (2010). Recollective and Nonrecollective Recall. "Journal of Memory and Language, 63"(3), 425-445. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2010.05.002.

• Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F., Aydin, C. (2010). Remembering in contradictory minds: Disjunction fallacies in episodic memory.. "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition,36"(3), 711-735. doi:10.1037/a0018995.

• Brainerd, C. J., Holliday, R. E., Reyna, V. F., Yang, Y., & Toglia, M. P. (2010). Developmental reversals in false memory: Effects of emotional valence and arousal.. "Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 107"(2), 137-154. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2010.04.013.

• Marche, T.A., Brainerd, C.J., & Reyna, V.F. (2010). Distinguishing True From False Memories in Forensic Contexts: Can Phenomenology Tell Us What is Real?. "Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24"(8), 1168-1182. doi:10.1002/acp.1629 .

• Brainerd, C. J., Reyna, V. F., & Howe, M. L. (2009). Trichotomous processes in early memory development, aging, and cognitive impairment: A Unified Theory. "Psychological Review, 116", 783-832. doi:10.1037/a0016963.

• Odegard, T. N., Cooper, C. M., Lampinen, J. M., Reyna, V. F., & Brainerd, C. J. (2009). Children’s eyewitness memory for multiple real-life events. "Child Development, 80(6)", 1877-1890. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01373.x. 

• Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2008). Episodic over-distribution: A signature effect of recollection without familiarity. "Journal of Memory and Language, 58", 765-786. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2007.08.006.

• Brainerd, C. J., Reyna, V. F., & Ceci, S. J. (2008). Developmental reversals in false memory: A review of data and theory. "Psychological Bulletin, 134"(3), 343- 382. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.343.

• Brainerd, C. J., Reyna, V. F., Ceci, S.J., & Holliday, R.E. (2008). Understanding developmental reversals in false memory: Reply to Ghetti (2008) and Howe (2008). "Psychological Bulletin, 134"(5), 773-777. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.343.

• Brainerd, C. J., Stein, L. M., Silveira, R. A., Rohenkohl, G., & Reyna, V. F (2008). How does negative emotion cause false memories?. "Psychological Science, 19", 919-925. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02177.x.

• Brainerd, C.J., Yang, Y., Reyna, V.F., Howe, M.L., & Mills, B.A. (2008). Semantic processing in "associative" false memory. "Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 15"(6), 1035-1053. doi:10.3758/PBR.15.6.1035.

• Holliday, R. E., Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2008). Recall of details never experienced: Effects of age, repetition, and semantic cues. "Cognitive Development, 23", 67-78. doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2007.05.002.

• Odegard, T. N., Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2008). Attention to global-gist processing eliminates age effects in false memories. "Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 99", 96-113. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2007.08.007.

• Reyna, V. F., & Brainerd, C. J. (2008). Numeracy, ratio bias, and denominator neglect in judgments of risk and probability. "Learning and Individual Differences, 18"(1), 89-107. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2007.03.011.

• Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2007). Explaining developmental reversals in false memory. "Psychological Science, 18"(5), 442-448. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01919.x .

• Reyna, V. F., & Brainerd, C. J. (2007). The importance of mathematics in health and human judgment: Numeracy, risk communication, and medical decision making. "Learning and Individual Differences, 17"(2), 147-159. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2007.03.010.

• Brainerd, C. J., Forrest, T. J., Karibian, D., & Reyna, V. F. (2006). Development of the false-memory illusion. "Developmental Psychology, 42", 962-979. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.962.

• Brainerd, C. J., Reyna, V. F., & Estrada, S. (2006). Recollection rejection of false narrative statements. "Memory, 14"(6), 672-691. doi:10.1080/09658210600648449.

• Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2004). Fuzzy-trace theory and memory development. "Developmental Review, 24", 396-439. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2004.08.005.

• Brainerd, C. J., Holliday, R. E., & Reyna, V. F. (2004). Behavioral measurement of remembering phenomenologies: So simple a child can do it. "Child Development, 75", 505-522. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2004.00689.x.

• Brainerd, C. J., Payne, D. G., Wright, R., & Reyna, V. F. (2003). Phantom recall. "Journal of Memory and Language, 48", 445-467. doi:10.1016/S0749-596X(02)00501-6.

• Brainerd, C. J., Reyna, V. F., Wright, R., & Mojardin, A. H. (2003). Recollection rejection: False-memory editing in children and adults. "Psychological Review, 110", 762-784. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.110.4.762.

• Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2002). Recollection rejection: How children edit their false memories. "Developmental Psychology, 38", 156-172. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.1.156.

• Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2002). Fuzzy-trace theory and false memory. "Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11", 164-168. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00192.

• Brainerd, C. J., Reyna, V. F., & Forrest, T. J. (2002). Are young children susceptible to the false-memory illusion?. "Child Development, 73", 1363-1377. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00477.

• Brainerd, C. J., Wright, R., Reyna, V. F., & Payne, D. G. (2002). Dual retrieval processes in free and associative recall. "Journal of Memory and Language, 46", 120-152. doi:10.1006/jmla.2001.2796.

• Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2001). Fuzzy-trace theory: Dual processes in memory, reasoning, and cognitive neuroscience. "Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 28", 49-100. doi:10.1016/S0065-2407(02)80062-3.

• Brainerd, C. J., Wright, R., Reyna, V. F., & Mojardin, A.H. (2001). Conjoint recognition and phantom recollection. "Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 27", 341-361. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.27.2.307.

Books:

• Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F (2005). The Science of False Memory. New York: Oxford University Press.

Book Chapters:

• Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2015). Memory and knowledge in theories of episodic memory. In C. Roberto & I. Kawachi (Eds.), "Behavioral economics and public health" (pp.101-132). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

• Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2013). Dual processes in memory development: Fuzzy-trace theory. In P. J. Bauer & R. Fivush (Eds.), "The Wiley handbook on the development of children's memory" (pp. 480-512). New York: Wiley & Sons..

• Corbin, J.C., Wilhelms, E.A., Reyna, V.F., & Brainerd, C.J. (2013). Theory and Processes in Memory Development: Childhood to Adolescence. In R. Holliday & T. Marche (Eds.), "Child Forensic Psychology" (pp. 65-94). Basingstroke, UK: Palgrave Macmillin.

• Brainerd, C.B., Reyna, V.F., & Holliday, R.E. (2012). Development of recollection: A fuzzy-trace theory perspective. In S. Ghetti & P.J. Bauer (Eds.), "Origins and development of recollection" (pp. 101-143). New York: Oxford University Press.

• Holliday, R.E., Humphries, J.E., Brainerd, C.J., & Reyna, V.R. (2012). Interviewing vulnerable witnesses. In G. Davies & A. Beech, "Forensic psychology: Crime, justice, law, interventions, 2nd Ed". (pp. 115-133). Chichester, West Sussex ; Hoboken, N.J. : John Wiley & Sons.

• Brainerd, C. J., & Reyna, V. F. (2008). Developmental trends in spontaneous false memory, with implications for the law. In M. L. Howe, G. Goodman, & D. Cicchetti (Eds.), "Stress, trauma, and children’s memory development: Neurobiological, cognitive, clinical, and legal perspectives" (pp. 302-362). New York: Oxford University Press.

• Reyna, V. F., Mills, B. A., Estrada, S. M., & Brainerd, C. J. (2006). False memory in children: Data, theory, and legal implications. In M. P. Toglia, J. D. Read, D. F. Ross, & R. C. L. Lindsay (Eds.), "The handbook of eyewitness psychology: Memory for events" (pp. 473-510). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

• Reyna, V. F., Adam, M. B., Poirier, K., LeCroy, C. W., & Brainerd, C. J. (2005). Risky decision-making in childhood and adolescence: A fuzzy-trace theory approach. In J. Jacobs & P. Klaczynski (Eds.), "The development of children's and adolescents' judgment and decision-making" (pp. 77-106) Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

• Wolfe C. R., Reyna, V. F., & Brainerd, C. J. (2005). Fuzzy-trace theory: Implications for transfer in teaching and learning. In J. P. Mestre (Ed.), "Transfer of learning from a modern multidisciplinary perspective" (pp. 53-88). Greenwich,CT: Information Age Publishing.

• Reyna, V. F., Lloyd, F. J., & Brainerd, C. J. (2003). Memory, development, and rationality: An integrative theory of judgment and decision-making. In S. Schneider & J. Shanteau (Eds.), "Emerging perspectives on judgment and decision research" (pp. 201-245). New York: Cambridge University Press.

• Reyna, V. F., Brainerd, C. J., Effken, J., Bootzin, R., & Lloyd, F. J. (2001). The psychology of human computer mismatches. In C. Wolfe (Ed.), "Learning and teaching on the world wide web" (pp. 23-44). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

• Brainerd, C.J., Reyna, V. F., & Poole, D. A (2000). Fuzzy-trace theory and false memory: Memory theory in the courtroom. In D. F. Bjorklund (Ed.), "False memory creation in children and adults" (pp. 93-127). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

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